State judiciary oversight ballot measures

Voters have decided on state judiciary oversight ballot measures across the U.S. As a state ballot measure topic, this refers to measures to create, change, or eliminate commissions and boards that oversee judicial ethics, discipline, and accountability. The topic is grouped within the governance policy area.

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Upcoming ballot measures

See also: 2026 ballot measures and 2027 ballot measures

The following is a list of state ballot measures related to this topic that are certified or potential for this year and future elections:

2026

1. Maryland Commission on Judicial Disabilities Vacancies Amendment (2026) - On the ballot

List of state ballot measures

Click the tabs to view state ballot measures related to this topic, organized by year or state.

Years

States

2026

1. Maryland Commission on Judicial Disabilities Vacancies Amendment (2026) - On the ballot

2025

1. Texas Proposition 12, Change Membership and Authority of State Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (2025)

2024

1. Colorado Amendment H, Independent Judicial Discipline Adjudicative Board Amendment (2024)
2. Louisiana Amendment 1, Judiciary Commission Investigation of Sitting Judges Amendment (December 2024)

2022

1. West Virginia Amendment 1, No Court Authority over Impeachment Measure (2022)
2. Wyoming Constitutional Amendment B, Judicial Retirement Age Measure (2022)

2014

1. Hawaii Mandatory Retirement Age for Justices and Judges, Amendment 3 (2014)

2012

1. Arizona Proposition 115, Judicial Terms, Retirement Age, Commission Membership, and Court Decisions Amendment (2012)
2. Florida Amendment 5, State Judicial System Amendment (2012)

2011

1. Ohio Issue 1, Increase Judicial Retirement Age and Eliminate Governor's Power to Appoint Supreme Court Commission Amendment (2011)

2010

1. Maryland Orphan's Court Judges in Baltimore, Question 3 (2010)

2007

1. Texas Proposition 14, Justice Term and Retirement Age Amendment (2007)

2006

1. Hawaii Mandatory Judicial Retirement Act, Amendment 3 (2006)
2. South Dakota Amendment E, Allow Grand Jurors to Penalize Judges Amendment (2006)

2005

1. Texas Proposition 6, State Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (2005)

2002

1. Vermont Retirement Age for Judges Amendment (2002)

2001

1. Pennsylvania Question 2, Judicial Retirement Age Date Amendment (May 2001)

1998

1. California Proposition 221, Oversight of Court Commissioners Amendment (June 1998)
2. Virginia Question 2, Confidentiality of Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission Proceedings Amendment (1998)

1996

1. Alabama Judicial Impeachment Amendment (1996)
2. Florida Amendment 3, Judicial Nominees, Judicial Qualifications Commission, and Judicial Sanctions Amendment (1996)
3. Wyoming Judicial Conduct Commission, Amendment D (1996)

1994

1. California Proposition 190, Disciplinary Proceedings and Removal of State Judges Amendment (1994)
2. Nevada Question 1, Judicial Discipline Commission Amendment (1994)

1992

1. Nevada Question 1, Supreme Court Chief Justice Election Amendment (1992)
2. Nevada Question 6, Establishment of Court of Appeals Amendment (1992)

1990

1. Maryland Circuit Court Clerk Governance, Question 2 (1990)

1989

1. Washington SJR 8202, Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1989)

1988

1. Arizona Proposition 102, Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1988)
2. California Proposition 92, Commission on Judicial Performance Amendment (1988)
3. California Proposition 94, Judges as Part-Time Teachers Amendment (1988)

1986

1. Georgia Amendment 4, Suspension of Judges Measure (1986)
2. Rhode Island Question 2, Judicial Nominating Commission, Discipline Authority, and Mandatory Retirement Age Amendment (1986)
3. Virginia Question 3, Virginia Supreme Court Jurisdiction Amendment (1986)

1984

1. Georgia Amendment 1, Suspension of Judges Measure (1984)
2. Montana Discipline of Judges, C-13 (1984)
3. Nebraska Amendment 2, Judicial Disciplinary Actions Measure (1984)
4. Utah Proposition 3, Revise the Judicial Article Amendment (1984)

1983

1. New York Amendment 4, Services of Certain Judges and Justices after Retirement Amendment (1983)

1982

1. Alaska Measure 3, Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1982)
2. Colorado Amendment No. 3, Commission on Judicial Discipline Amendment (1982)

1980

1. Montana Confidentiality of the Judicial Standards Commission, C-9 (1980)
2. Nebraska Amendment 2, Changes to Commission on Judicial Qualifications Measure (1980)
3. Washington HJR 37, Judicial Qualifications Amendment (1980)

1977

1. New York Amendment 3, Creation of a Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1977)
2. Wisconsin Question 5, Retirement Age for Judges and Justices Amendment (April 1977)

1976

1. California Proposition 7, Commission on Judicial Performance Amendment (1976)
2. Connecticut Question 3, Removal of Non-Elected Judges by the State Supreme Court and the Legislature Amendment (1976)
3. Florida Amendment 3, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (1976)
4. Nevada Question 8, Commission on Judicial Discipline Amendment (1976)

1975

1. New York Amendment 2, Create a Judicial Conduct Commission Amendment (1975)

1974

1. Florida Amendment 5, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (1974)
2. Maryland Discipline of Judges, Question 10 (1974)
3. North Dakota Retirement, Discipline and Removal of Judges Referendum, Amendment 2 (1974)
4. Vermont Creation of a Unified Judicial System Amendment (1974)
5. Wisconsin Question 2, Legislative Removal of Judges Amendment (April 1974)

1972

1. Florida Amendment 1, State Judiciary Amendment (March 1972)
2. Georgia Amendment 1, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (1972)
3. Georgia Amendment 21, Superior and Juvenile Court Jurisdiction Amendment (1972)
4. Minnesota Amendment 2, Appointment of Clerks of District Court and Authorizing the Removal of Judges Amendment (1972)
5. North Carolina Censure and Removal of Justices and Judges of the General Court of Justice Amendment (1972)
6. North Carolina Judicial Mandatory Retirement Age Requirement Amendment (1972)
7. South Dakota Amendment C, Judicial Reorganization Measure (1972)

1970

1. Alaska Amendment 5, Judicial System Administrator Amendment (August 1970)
2. Arizona Proposition 103, Commission on Judicial Qualifications Amendment (1970)
3. Missouri Amendment 3, Jurisdiction of Courts Measure (August 1970)
4. South Dakota Amendment C, Retired Judges Measure (1970)

1968

1. Alaska Amendment 1, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (August 1968)
2. Alaska Amendment 2, Compensation of Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (August 1968)
3. Idaho Retirement, Discipline and Removal of Justices and Judges, HJR 5 (1968)
4. Michigan Proposal No. 1, Judicial Tenure Commission Amendment (August 1968)
5. South Dakota Amendment C, Powers of Retired Judges Measure (1968)

1966

1. Florida Amendment 8, Judicial Requirements and Discipline Amendment (1966)
2. Maryland Commission on Judicial Disabilities, Amendment 5 (1966)
3. Nebraska Amendment 7, Judge Removal and Retirement Procedure Amendment (1966)

1965

1. New York Amendment 7, Allowing Former Judges to Join the State Supreme Court Amendment (1965)

1958

1. Kansas Question 1, Supreme Court Nominating Commission Amendment (1958)

1956

1. Minnesota Amendment 1, Authorizing the State Legislature to Reorganize the Judiciary Amendment (1956)

1954

1. North Carolina Supreme Court Justice Retirement and Temporary Service Amendment (1954)

1952

1. Washington HJR 6, Judge Retirement Age Amendment (1952)

1950

1. Nevada Question 1, State Judges Eligibility for Nonjudicial Office Amendment (1950)

1942

1. South Dakota Amendment E, Supreme Court Judge Salaries Measure (1942)

1938

1. Arkansas Regulate Practice of Law, Proposed Amendment 31 (1938)
2. Michigan Proposal No. 2, Supreme Court Justices Initiative (1938)

1920

1. Nebraska Amendment 15, Organization of State Courts Amendment (September 1920)

1911

1. California Proposition 21, Impeachment of State Officers and Judges Amendment (October 1911)

1904

1. Florida Supreme Court Decisions Amendment (1904)

1894

1. Nevada State Question 36, Removal of Judges Amendment (1894)
2. Nevada State Question 46, Prohibit Judges from Holding Other Office Amendment (1894)
3. Nevada State Question 47, Judicial Pay Amendment (1894)

1872

1. New York Amendment 1, Commission of Appeals Amendment (1872)

Alabama

1. Alabama Judicial Impeachment Amendment (1996)

Alaska

1. Alaska Amendment 1, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (August 1968)
2. Alaska Amendment 2, Compensation of Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (August 1968)
3. Alaska Amendment 5, Judicial System Administrator Amendment (August 1970)
4. Alaska Measure 3, Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1982)

Arizona

1. Arizona Proposition 102, Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1988)
2. Arizona Proposition 103, Commission on Judicial Qualifications Amendment (1970)
3. Arizona Proposition 115, Judicial Terms, Retirement Age, Commission Membership, and Court Decisions Amendment (2012)

Arkansas

1. Arkansas Regulate Practice of Law, Proposed Amendment 31 (1938)

California

1. California Proposition 190, Disciplinary Proceedings and Removal of State Judges Amendment (1994)
2. California Proposition 21, Impeachment of State Officers and Judges Amendment (October 1911)
3. California Proposition 221, Oversight of Court Commissioners Amendment (June 1998)
4. California Proposition 7, Commission on Judicial Performance Amendment (1976)
5. California Proposition 92, Commission on Judicial Performance Amendment (1988)
6. California Proposition 94, Judges as Part-Time Teachers Amendment (1988)

Colorado

1. Colorado Amendment H, Independent Judicial Discipline Adjudicative Board Amendment (2024)
2. Colorado Amendment No. 3, Commission on Judicial Discipline Amendment (1982)

Connecticut

1. Connecticut Question 3, Removal of Non-Elected Judges by the State Supreme Court and the Legislature Amendment (1976)

Florida

1. Florida Amendment 1, State Judiciary Amendment (March 1972)
2. Florida Amendment 3, Judicial Nominees, Judicial Qualifications Commission, and Judicial Sanctions Amendment (1996)
3. Florida Amendment 3, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (1976)
4. Florida Amendment 5, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (1974)
5. Florida Amendment 5, State Judicial System Amendment (2012)
6. Florida Amendment 8, Judicial Requirements and Discipline Amendment (1966)
7. Florida Supreme Court Decisions Amendment (1904)

Georgia

1. Georgia Amendment 1, Judicial Qualifications Commission Amendment (1972)
2. Georgia Amendment 1, Suspension of Judges Measure (1984)
3. Georgia Amendment 21, Superior and Juvenile Court Jurisdiction Amendment (1972)
4. Georgia Amendment 4, Suspension of Judges Measure (1986)

Hawaii

1. Hawaii Mandatory Judicial Retirement Act, Amendment 3 (2006)
2. Hawaii Mandatory Retirement Age for Justices and Judges, Amendment 3 (2014)

Idaho

1. Idaho Retirement, Discipline and Removal of Justices and Judges, HJR 5 (1968)

Kansas

1. Kansas Question 1, Supreme Court Nominating Commission Amendment (1958)

Louisiana

1. Louisiana Amendment 1, Judiciary Commission Investigation of Sitting Judges Amendment (December 2024)

Maryland

1. Maryland Circuit Court Clerk Governance, Question 2 (1990)
2. Maryland Commission on Judicial Disabilities, Amendment 5 (1966)
3. Maryland Commission on Judicial Disabilities Vacancies Amendment (2026) - On the ballot
4. Maryland Discipline of Judges, Question 10 (1974)
5. Maryland Orphan's Court Judges in Baltimore, Question 3 (2010)

Michigan

1. Michigan Proposal No. 1, Judicial Tenure Commission Amendment (August 1968)
2. Michigan Proposal No. 2, Supreme Court Justices Initiative (1938)

Minnesota

1. Minnesota Amendment 1, Authorizing the State Legislature to Reorganize the Judiciary Amendment (1956)
2. Minnesota Amendment 2, Appointment of Clerks of District Court and Authorizing the Removal of Judges Amendment (1972)

Missouri

1. Missouri Amendment 3, Jurisdiction of Courts Measure (August 1970)

Montana

1. Montana Confidentiality of the Judicial Standards Commission, C-9 (1980)
2. Montana Discipline of Judges, C-13 (1984)

Nebraska

1. Nebraska Amendment 15, Organization of State Courts Amendment (September 1920)
2. Nebraska Amendment 2, Changes to Commission on Judicial Qualifications Measure (1980)
3. Nebraska Amendment 2, Judicial Disciplinary Actions Measure (1984)
4. Nebraska Amendment 7, Judge Removal and Retirement Procedure Amendment (1966)

Nevada

1. Nevada Question 1, Judicial Discipline Commission Amendment (1994)
2. Nevada Question 1, State Judges Eligibility for Nonjudicial Office Amendment (1950)
3. Nevada Question 1, Supreme Court Chief Justice Election Amendment (1992)
4. Nevada Question 6, Establishment of Court of Appeals Amendment (1992)
5. Nevada Question 8, Commission on Judicial Discipline Amendment (1976)
6. Nevada State Question 36, Removal of Judges Amendment (1894)
7. Nevada State Question 46, Prohibit Judges from Holding Other Office Amendment (1894)
8. Nevada State Question 47, Judicial Pay Amendment (1894)

New York

1. New York Amendment 1, Commission of Appeals Amendment (1872)
2. New York Amendment 2, Create a Judicial Conduct Commission Amendment (1975)
3. New York Amendment 3, Creation of a Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1977)
4. New York Amendment 4, Services of Certain Judges and Justices after Retirement Amendment (1983)
5. New York Amendment 7, Allowing Former Judges to Join the State Supreme Court Amendment (1965)

North Carolina

1. North Carolina Censure and Removal of Justices and Judges of the General Court of Justice Amendment (1972)
2. North Carolina Judicial Mandatory Retirement Age Requirement Amendment (1972)
3. North Carolina Supreme Court Justice Retirement and Temporary Service Amendment (1954)

North Dakota

1. North Dakota Retirement, Discipline and Removal of Judges Referendum, Amendment 2 (1974)

Ohio

1. Ohio Issue 1, Increase Judicial Retirement Age and Eliminate Governor's Power to Appoint Supreme Court Commission Amendment (2011)

Pennsylvania

1. Pennsylvania Question 2, Judicial Retirement Age Date Amendment (May 2001)

Rhode Island

1. Rhode Island Question 2, Judicial Nominating Commission, Discipline Authority, and Mandatory Retirement Age Amendment (1986)

South Dakota

1. South Dakota Amendment C, Judicial Reorganization Measure (1972)
2. South Dakota Amendment C, Powers of Retired Judges Measure (1968)
3. South Dakota Amendment C, Retired Judges Measure (1970)
4. South Dakota Amendment E, Allow Grand Jurors to Penalize Judges Amendment (2006)
5. South Dakota Amendment E, Supreme Court Judge Salaries Measure (1942)

Texas

1. Texas Proposition 12, Change Membership and Authority of State Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (2025)
2. Texas Proposition 14, Justice Term and Retirement Age Amendment (2007)
3. Texas Proposition 6, State Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (2005)

Utah

1. Utah Proposition 3, Revise the Judicial Article Amendment (1984)

Vermont

1. Vermont Creation of a Unified Judicial System Amendment (1974)
2. Vermont Retirement Age for Judges Amendment (2002)

Virginia

1. Virginia Question 2, Confidentiality of Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission Proceedings Amendment (1998)
2. Virginia Question 3, Virginia Supreme Court Jurisdiction Amendment (1986)

Washington

1. Washington HJR 37, Judicial Qualifications Amendment (1980)
2. Washington HJR 6, Judge Retirement Age Amendment (1952)
3. Washington SJR 8202, Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment (1989)

West Virginia

1. West Virginia Amendment 1, No Court Authority over Impeachment Measure (2022)

Wisconsin

1. Wisconsin Question 2, Legislative Removal of Judges Amendment (April 1974)
2. Wisconsin Question 5, Retirement Age for Judges and Justices Amendment (April 1977)

Wyoming

1. Wyoming Constitutional Amendment B, Judicial Retirement Age Measure (2022)
2. Wyoming Judicial Conduct Commission, Amendment D (1996)

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